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The ABCs of Hearing Protection (OSHA & ANSI S3.19):

The ABCs of Hearing Protection: OSHA & ANSI S3.19

At Your Safety Company, we know that protecting your hearing is essential for long-term health and productivity. Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common occupational illnesses, but it is entirely preventable with proper hearing protection. This guide will walk you through the fundamentals of workplace noise, regulatory standards, and the types of hearing protection available.

Understanding Noise Exposure Limits

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets permissible exposure limits (PELs) for noise in the workplace to protect workers from hearing damage.

• OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): OSHA's PEL for noise is 90 decibels (dBA) averaged over an 8-hour workday.

• Action Level: OSHA also has an "Action Level" of 85 dBA averaged over 8 hours. When noise exposure reaches or exceeds this level, employers must implement a hearing conservation program. This program includes:

  • Noise monitoring

  • Audiometric testing (hearing tests)

  • Provision of hearing protection

  • Employee training

  • Recordkeeping

It's crucial to understand that noise exposure is cumulative. Even seemingly moderate noise levels can cause damage over time, and higher noise levels cause damage more quickly. For every 5 dBA increase above 90 dBA, the permissible exposure time is halved. For example:

• 90 dBA = 8 hours

• 95 dBA = 4 hours

• 100 dBA = 2 hours

Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) Explained

The Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) is a standardized measurement that indicates the effectiveness of hearing protection devices in reducing noise exposure. It is expressed in decibels (dB). The higher the NRR, the greater the potential for noise reduction.

• Where to Find NRR: The NRR is typically found on the packaging of earplugs and earmuffs.

• How to Use NRR (Practical Application):

  • OSHA's Derating Factor: OSHA recommends "derating" the NRR to account for real-world factors like improper fit, movement, and individual differences. A common method is to subtract 7 from the NRR, and then divide the result by two.

    • Formula: (NRR - 7) / 2

    • Example: If an earplug has an NRR of 33 dB, the effective noise reduction would be approximately (33 - 7) / 2 = 13 dB.

  • Calculating Effective Exposure: Subtract the effective noise reduction from the measured workplace noise level to estimate the worker's protected exposure.

    • Example: If workplace noise is 100 dBA and the effective NRR of the hearing protection is 13 dB, the worker's estimated exposure is 100 dBA - 13 dB = 87 dBA, which is below the 90 dBA PEL.

ANSI S3.19: The NRR is determined according to the ANSI S3.19 standard, which outlines the test methods for measuring the noise reduction of hearing protection devices. When you see an NRR value, it means the product has been tested to this standard.

Types of Hearing Protection

There are two primary types of hearing protection commonly used in industrial settings:

1. Earplugs

• Description: Small devices inserted directly into the ear canal. They come in various materials (foam, silicone, rubber) and designs (disposable, reusable, pre-molded, custom-molded).

• Advantages:

  • Lightweight and portable.

  • Comfortable for extended wear, especially in hot or humid environments.

  • Can be worn with other PPE (e.g., hard hats, safety glasses, welding helmets).

  • Often cost-effective (especially disposable foam).

• Disadvantages:

  • Require proper insertion technique for effective protection.

  • Can be difficult to insert with dirty hands.

  • May not be suitable for individuals with ear canal issues.

• NRR Range: Typically range from 20 dB to 33 dB.

2. Earmuffs

• Description: Consist of two earcups with soft cushions that fit over the outer ears, connected by a headband. They create a seal around the ear to block noise.

• Advantages:

  • Easy to put on and take off.

  • Provide consistent protection if worn correctly.

  • Can be more comfortable for some users than earplugs.

  • Available in various styles, including those that attach to hard hats.

• Disadvantages:

  • Can be bulky and interfere with other PPE.

  • May cause discomfort in hot environments due to sweating.

  • Less portable than earplugs.

• NRR Range: Typically range from 15 dB to 30 dB.

Combination Protection:

In extremely noisy environments (e.g., above 105 dBA), it may be necessary to use both earplugs and earmuffs simultaneously to achieve maximum noise reduction.

Key Considerations for Choosing Hearing Protection

• Noise Level: Determine the actual noise exposure level in your workplace.

• NRR: Select a device with an NRR that, when derated, reduces exposure below the OSHA PEL (90 dBA) or your company's action level.

• Comfort and Fit: The best hearing protection is the one workers will actually wear consistently and correctly. Offer a variety of types and sizes to ensure a good fit.

• Work Environment: Consider factors like heat, humidity, presence of other PPE, and communication needs.

• Hygiene: Ensure proper cleaning and storage for reusable devices.

Applicable Products:

• Earplugs: Disposable foam earplugs, reusable silicone earplugs, corded earplugs.

• Earmuffs: Headband earmuffs, cap-mounted earmuffs, electronic earmuffs (for communication in noise).

By understanding noise hazards and correctly utilizing hearing protection, you can safeguard your most valuable asset – your hearing – and maintain a safer, healthier workplace.